Tuesday 19 November 2013

The Sassette Principle



Because The Smurfette Principle is not very appreciative of this little tomboy gal.

Update (28/10/2015): extended article on this subject here.

Friday 15 November 2013

A Diverse Cast of Characters

On Tumblr there's a couple of images going around showcasing video game mascots from the late 80's to now, and how apparently every single one of modern gaming mascots is a 20-35 year old white dude with short hair, a stubble and a scowl with the exception of Chell from Portal 6 years ago. So I'm going to take the time to do some ranting of my own.


A Diverse Cast of Characters
A Rant to an Invisible Fanbase


Okay, I don't disagree with diversification in gaming but the people arguing in favor of it really need to clean up their act. The "We Can Do Better Than This" on one of the images itself is fairly innocuous, but a couple of blogs spreading the images complain about there only being 1 female character and have the line "THIS IS NOT OKAY" underneath them. Yes, I want more diversity in video game protagonists too, but the apparent lack of diversity doesn't annoy me nearly as much as its opposition pretending we have to start from scratch in fixing it.




So ... presenting a list of 8 characters as representative of the last 10 years of video game "mascots". Right. Five of which I managed to avoid because they are from games I haven't even played.  

Okay, elephant in the room number one: none of these previous characters have gone away. Only Raziel is really starting to drop into obscurity. A lot of the others even had major releases in the last year. You can't really mourn women being archaeologists when you could last be one in March of this year. Or how about that Nintendo crossover fighter coming up that features literally half of the characters from before the early 2000's?

Cole MacGrath, Nathan Drake, Marcus Fenix and Chell could arguably be considered mascots, but I think for the BioShock franchise the Big Daddy has more of a right to call himself a mascot (but he's evidently too interesting for this list). I had to look up what the guy from The Last of Us' name is, I guess marketing has put too much emphasis on the female character Ellie. As for Soap MacTavish ... really? He might be the main protagonist of the 3 Modern Warfare games but while actually playing the first Modern Warfare (in which he's actually the main player protagonist), he might have as well been a bar of soap for how much I actually learned about him. I hardly call that mascot material.

Like I often said in previous posts, this is once again people giving free advertising to the things they don't like to see and pretending the good things don't exist, just so they can give more weight to their complaints. You can just as easily fill up those 8 slots with 8 athletes from the covers of sports games released this year alone and say it is not okay that all these jocks are filling up gaming protagonists. That's not even a stretch considering the average FIFA game sells at least thrice as many copies as The Last of Us did.


The Supposed Market

Mass Effect was indeed marketed with that particular representation of Commander Shepard, but the problem there is that we are talking about a game that allows for character customization. The female version of Commander Shepard turned out to be so popular that for Mass Effect 3, she was also put in the spotlight. So on one hand I'd grant Shepard mascot status, on the other I have reservations about calling a character a mascot if he doesn't necessarily appear in the game at all. Especially since this list seems to already mix up mascot with player protagonist.


Inclusion of Female Commander Shepard in Marketing


The effect female Shepard's popularity had in the attitude shift in marketing is also emblematic of what happens when enough people actually do speak up. I said it before and I'll continue to hammer it in. The people publishing these things want to make a profit above all else, they are perfectly willing to change their strategy if it means more money in the bank. You aren't going to change them by attempting to pull the ground beneath them. You have to highlight what you do like and ask for more of that.

We have a lot of people complaining about what they don't like, but these same people vanish in smoke when they actually get what they claim to want. Are you out there and do you actually want these things or are you just here to complain about sexism? The Internet exploded when it was revealed publishers didn't want to publish Remember Me because a female protagonist wouldn't sell (Link broken). Instead of all the blogs chewing these publishers up, a more convincing counterargument would be the game's massive success.

Except that's not exactly what happened.

Remember Me vs. Duke Nukem Forever

No, I don't consider it a fair comparison between Remember Me and Duke Nukem Forever. I just want to show Remember Me couldn't even scratch at the sales of a widely hated game. This is hardly a rare occurrence. Games with a female protagonist do very often sell worse than games with a male protagonist.

The Castlevania games on DS shows the same strange phenomenon quite clearly to a certain degree. These games are all similarly rated and fairly similar in gameplay style (so I won't entirely rule out gamer fatigue), nevertheless its sales numbers are strangely ordered by player character. Solo male protagonist at the top, both male and female protagonist in the middle with only a slight drop in sales, and a larger drop with a solo female protagonist. This is especially strange, when at the time of release, Order of Ecclesia was widely praised for breathing new life into the franchise. They even cross-promoted the game by having main character Shanoa as a roster fighter in the Wii game Castlevania Judgment.




Sure, every time you mention things like this it will be pointed out that the lack in sales have to do with a lack of marketing budget or the game being released at the wrong time. However it also showcases how this huge supposed untapped market really isn't there, or at least not visibly so. After all, My Little Pony: Friendship is Magic didn't become a powerhouse of a franchise among adult males because Hasbro started marketing to them. They simply showed up when a few people discovered it was actually pretty good and its popularity spread through word of mouth.
One of the few times I can remember when this happened anywhere recently in the gaming community with a female protagonist is with Bayonetta, after it was sold at a reduced price and not profitable enough anymore to be picked up for a sequel until Nintendo decided to bite.




Yes, there is the occasional game that really manages to do decently out of the gate like Portal, Mirror's Edge (you know, that low-hanging fruit a certain colorful character keeps parading as the best games ever) and Tomb Raider, but exceptions aside the problem is not just a one-way street solely to blame on marketing or developers not trying. For there to be effective marketing, there needs to be a visible market.

And I again want to reiterate: I also want more variety in the mainstream gaming community. I also think the quality of white male characters has dropped to exceedingly bland. I love strange ideas for player characters. I love female player characters. I just tire of seeing lots of people complaining while I seem to be the only one walking to the store to actually pick up these games. It's the annoying cycle of people yelling at me because I'm supposedly on the wrong side of the fence while I'm actually investing my money on the things they claim to want while I'm the one watching it all fail. Boy, that was one hell of a sentence.



Ignoring the Indie Market

Unless there's something to chastise the indie scene for, it often goes largely unnoticed when it comes to positive examples. No, we'd rather directly force the big budget triple A developers on top to instantly drop everything they are doing and cater to our sensibilities. The problem with doing it like this is that we are tearing down existing infrastructures for what is essentially a gamble on their part. 

So with my suggestion above to highlight the things you like, how about you also help cultivate the little guy? After all, a triple A developer doesn't magically fall from the sky.

This ...
... also started out like this.

So instead of complaining that Nintendo isn't drastically altering its formula right away to accommodate a solo playable Princess Zelda, is it too much to ask to put some of that effort into showing some support for an existing game inspired by The Legend of Zelda that already has a female protagonist?

Ittle Dew (2013)

I mean, why are we approaching these issues as if we absolutely need to redistribute a very finite amount of resources? Is it honestly that impossible for several different groups and fanbases to coexist together that we must tear down what other people enjoy instead of building stuff of our own? Diversity isn't just a tool to bludgeon other people with. Diversity includes the norm and things you don't like.

Now in a few hours Contrast will be officially released. I got my pre-order waiting to unlock. So how about we stop complaining and finally put our money where our mouths are?




While you're at it, go check out Blood of the Werewolf. It's not normal I can easily break into top 10 on leaderboards.

Saturday 12 October 2013

Damsel In Distress

It should be no surprise by now that I'm very critical of Anita Sarkeesian's series. However instead of doing a point-by-point deconstruction of her series (I started out doing that and I might release those at a later time, however I currently have no desire to continue it) I wanted to do something more constructive. A lot of people have done debunkings already and although there's a fair bit of criticism I have that hasn't been addressed yet, instead I'm offering my own opinions on the topic of damsels in distress itself, why they are seemingly so prevalent and how developers can avoid falling into the cliché trap. So while I will occasionally refer to Sarkeesian's videos, rip into some of her points and how I think they clash with my opinions (or with reality), this isn't primarily a rebuttal of her videos.


Damsel in Distress

Paolo Uccello - Saint George and the Dragon (1460)

1. Introduction


For a history on damsels in distress I recommend thegaminggoose's video on the topic. He does that particular aspect more justice than I presently could.

The position I will defend is the following: there is a lack of female video game protagonists which needs to be filled in and damsels in distress are an overused plot device with a lot of room for alternatives (thanks, people mislabelling me as an angry dudebro attempting to uphold the status quo). My problem with the current mainstream feminist narrative on this subject however is that their take consists of unsubstantiated claims at best and is pointlessly alarmist at worst. Furthermore the most outspoken proponent of this position, Anita Sarkeesian, provides us with examples and arguments which fail under even minor criticism and holds her grounds not by defending these arguments, altering her positions to better fit reality or even by acknowledging the existence of outside criticism, but by attempting to gain sympathy from the media and industry by pointing out Internet trolls instead.

I argue for better representation of female characters in the media because I have a genuine desire to see better characters I would like in media I love, not because I want to defend some sort of feminist narrative from outside attacks. The goal of feminism should probably not be feminism itself. You will not find me arguing about damsels in distress as an inherently negative plot device for women because as a human rights issue, characters in video games are an incredibly petty issue. Just because a certain plot device is overused does not mean individual games that use that plot device should be chastised for using it. The problem is not with the widespread existence of the plot device but with the substantial lack of alternatives.

Furthermore a look into the problem requires a bit of introspection. It is very easy to put the blame on developers, publishers and a supposedly misogynistic society. The hard part however is acknowledging that for there to be a product aimed at an audience, there has to be an audience to catch it. For a product to get mainstream attention it has to be marketable to a mainstream audience. So a bit of that energy that goes into blogposts and videos castigating publishers and developers for certain decisions should go into seeking out and financially supporting the games that do feature the things you like, even if it's not on the cover of every magazine for an entire month.


1.1 Catharsis vs Societal Coddling


Raphael - The School of Athens (1509 - 1510)

The first thing to understand about the great divide between the two sides in this yet-to-happen debate (and I mean the actual sides. Internet trolling is not a side in a debate) is a fundamental difference in the approach to art which is as old as modern society itself. This is the difference between art as catharsis and art as dangerous if unchecked, which can be traced back through the history of literature all the way to Aristotle and Plato respectively. We purify our emotions and learn about ourselves through perceiving things we have not experienced first-hand versus art's ability to corrupt (often talks of censorship aren't very far behind).
In essence this would be the difference in worrying whether Grand Theft Auto teaches people to go out and be criminals versus the idea that acting out this violence on screen cleanses us and actually prevents us from bringing said violence in the world.

Personally I am on the side that believes that after a frustrating day, it is preferable to take your day out on digital characters rather than your wife/husband. The point I want to make though is that the difference between these two stances is as old as our society, which probably means there is a difference in perception which causes a fundamental bias when approaching topics such as these which would explain why one side is so vitriolic when engaging the other (Sadly the side of catharsis also seems incompatible with people invested in politics). 


2. Understanding the Problem


In Aspects of the Novel (1927), E.M. Forster distinguishes between flat characters and round characters in narratives. I believe that when talking about stories in video games we can extend character flat- or roundness to the entirety of the narrative itself. Unlike literature and movies, it is not uncommon for a video game to exist with only the basic skeleton of a story, or even without a story at all (such as puzzle games). For the purpose of identifying the reason why character stereotypes are so prevelant in video games, I believe this to be an important distinction to make.

2.1 Flat Narrative

Donkey Kong (1981)

Flat Narrative games are games in which the story is essentially inconsequential and very easy to summarize. They rely on easy to recognize plot devices to immediately let the player know what's going and what has to be done. The story is not important. It is just a basic premise as an excuse for why you are there.

Particular for damsels in distress, you have your hero, the damsel in distress and the monster to overcome. There is barely any character or story development beyond these very simple parameters. We find these simplistic narratives in games where gameplay is more important than story, or early games in which technology often did not allow for stories with greater complexity yet. This is the classic premise behind early games such as Super Mario Bros.Donkey Kong or even the interactive movie Dragon's Lair.


Princess Daphne, perkiest captive in history
Dragon's Lair (1983)

Now I would like to ask a question: how much money would you pay a writer to come up with the story of Super Mario Bros.?

I hope that right about now a red flag has been raised in your head. A lot of these games don't actually have writers. A lot of these games have their start in an attempt to come up with new and cool gameplay mechanics, not telling interesting stories. Is it any wonder then that flat narrative games so easily fall into obvious clichés? The damsel in distress hasn't been written as a weak character, she hasn't been written at all. The player character has a bit more flexibility because (s)he, by virtue of being playable, carries an immediate recognition from the player. This is why a fat plumber can be the hero while rescuing a stereotypical princess archetype from a stereotypical dragon archetype. You control him, that automatically makes him the hero archetype.

Earlier titles often get around this lack of in-game story by interpreting the events as a narrative in the manual, but the reality remains that the story has to be told in a very straightforward and simple cutscene in the game to get the player into the action as fast as possible. Hence the situation presented has to be instantly recognizable.


White Knight - Princess - Black Knight Dynamic
Sparkster: Rocket Knight Adventures 2 (1993)


This is why stereotypes and cliches are so prevalent in indie games. They are by definition working from a very limited budget, so being able to cut out the story aspect entirely is a massive plus for developers who aren't focused on telling a story anyway (The 2009 title And Yet It Moves even managed to make a fantastic video game with minimal focus on graphics and sound). Expecting indie developers to fully flesh out characters could be an unfair and potentially fatal strain to put on them.

Furthermore using the indie market as a means to show oversaturation of a particular trope is fairly meaningless anyway. Some indie games get mainstream attention but every kid with a computer can start churning out games fairly easy in this day and age. As such we not only have an incredibly vast ocean of games to pick from, they aren't bound by any sort of standard and conform more than anything else to the adage known as Sturgeon's Revelation "90% of everything is crap".

The way to fix the indie market is simply by going in and doing better yourself.


2.2 Round Narrative

A critical difference between the flat narrative and the round narrative is the inclusion of more characters with more complexity and a narrative that goes beyond a basic excuse as to why you are jumping through levels. We still have our damsel in distress, but it is much harder to reduce this role as simply the representative of women in the story. It is no longer a simplistic story where the hero must defeat the dragon in order to save his love interest.

Here is where The Legend of Zelda comes in. As technology progressed, so did the complexity of stories in these games. Princess Zelda wasn't merely a girl kidnapped in the beginning of the game, but often an active participant in the story itself. Aside from her we also have a variety of other characters aiding Link in his quest to save Hyrule or whichever land he finds himself in. It is thus overly short-sighted to just take princess Zelda's kidnapping as a problematic aspect for women. Not just because she herself is more capable than most people give her credit for (see The Ordeal of Queen Zelda for more elaboration on that), but also because she is not the only woman we encounter. From Ocarina of Time onward Link is directly aided by an often female companion like Navi (Ocarina of Time), Tatl (Majora's Mask), Midna (Twilight Princess), Fi (Skyward Sword) or even Princess Zelda herself (Spirit Tracks). We find other female characters spread throughout the land of Hyrule, be it Zelda's servant Impa, Link's childhood friend Saria, the often villainous Kotake and Koume or the entirely female Gerudo race.
As such the complaints of the occasional kidnapping of princess Zelda as being problematic for the representation of women is more of an issue of not looking beyond the parameters we are searching for. There's a damsel in this game, full stop. This is incredibly simplistic.


Alan Wake & Sheriff Sarah Breaker
Alan Wake (2010)

In Alan Wake, Alan's wife Alice Wake disappears early in the game and her rescue is the motivation behind the rest of the game. The complexity of the narrative however means that our protagonist gets help from and is hindered by a variety of different characters with different personalities. Should the disappearance of Alice Wake really be problematic for the representation of women when characters such as Sheriff Sarah Breaker or Cynthia Weaver are the most competent characters in the game? Furthermore we have the somewhat ditzy Rose Marigold, the mysterious Barbara Jagger and various female background characters with differing personalities. What is the use of singling out the one damsel in distress as representative for all women?
There's also the fact that until the sequel happens (and it better happens), Alan himself is a case study in ways a character can be in distress, but I can't get into that without spoiling large portions of the game.

It is also possible for a flat narrative to have more complex side stories within the game itself. Super Mario Galaxy for example is merely a simple reworking of Peach's kidnapping on a cosmic scale, but while Mario jumps from galaxy to galaxy we also learn the much more complex story of Rosalina. Rosalina thus becomes a much more developed character than any of the recurring Mario characters despite her story not being all that important to the game itself.

Why is a distinction between flat and round narratives important? For the very simple reason that while you can make a very extensive list of games featuring damsels in distress, it should not therefore mean we automatically have a huge problem with female representation in that aspect. If every game followed the Donkey Kong pattern in which the only female character is helpless, yes, we would have a serious problem with representation. The reality of the situation however is that a very large amount of these games have female characters in a variety of roles. There's no reason to assume that just because the kidnapped person is a woman that the one saving her can't also be a woman or that other vital characters can't be women. Different people have different characteristics. Not all of characters (male or female) are willing or capable of being the hero/heroine of an action game but that doesn't mean none of the other characters in that setting can be.


Giana Sisters: Twisted Dreams (2012)

2.3 Systemic Sexism vs Xenophobia

Another elephant in the room are the cultural differences between game developers of different nations. Even though Sarkeesian often mentions how video games don't exist in a vacuum, she totally ignores this blatantly obvious fact and instead pretends Princess Peach getting kidnapped every game is as much a result of western culture as the popularity of Call of Duty is. This is where her egregious mischaracterization of Princess Toadstool being playable in Super Mario Bros. 2 as an accident comes into play (the game it was based on, Doki Doki Panic, had 2 female playable characters).

A more reasonable explanation for this "accidental" inclusion lies in the cultural difference between America and Japan, especially in the age before the Internet provided a direct link between cultures. Stories from video games often wildly conflicted between translations, which resulted in infamous differences such as us knowing Sonic's villain as Dr. Robotnik while the Japanese always called him Eggman and our confusion after we learned that fact (which Sonic Adventure solved by having Dr. Ivo Robotnik as his real name and Eggman being his nickname).


Sally Acorn & Princess Zelda
Sonic the Hedgehog (1993) & Legend of Zelda (1989)

Let's not forget how American animated series based on Japanese video games portrayed the characters. In the Japanese game Sonic CD, Amy Rose was captured by Metal Sonic, in the American Sonic the Hedgehog animated series (popularly called Sonic SatAM) we got the much more competent Sally Acorn fighting alongside Sonic as a Freedom Fighter instead. While Princess Zelda from the game wore pink dresses and was kidnapped by Ganon, the American animated series put her in purple adventuring attire and she was on equal grounds with Link.
It is no accident that an American version of a Mario game in that same cultural zeitgeist would produce a game in which the princess is on equal footing with the male characters. It is merely an indicator of the differing sensibilities of different cultures. Taking the worst from different cultures and mashing it all together in one big pile of negativity is not an accurate representation of reality.

It should probably also be noted that Amy Rose first became a player character going on her own journeys in Sonic Adventure, the same game which acknowledged the above-mentioned cultural difference in Sonic stories (although she was playable earlier in Sonic the Fighters as a roster character). Perhaps a mere coincidence, but noteworthy anyway.


Amy Rose hacked into Sonic 3 & Knuckles
Sonic 3 & Amy Rose (Romhack)


A more recent example of this culture clash would be found in the Metroid franchise. The Metroid Prime trilogy was developed by a western studio for a primarily western audience and was critically acclaimed, then all of a sudden Metroid: Other M was developed under a Japanese studio in an attempt to appeal to a Japanese audience, which in turn resulted in a huge backlash against the game for "character assassination" of protagonist Samus Aran (I myself thought it was at the very least an interesting character study of a woman completely broken by the trauma of her previous missions with competent gameplay beneath it all).


Samus Aran
Metroid: Other M (2010)


2.4 The Male Power Fantasy and Player Identification Mindset

We often hear the accusation of video games as a male power fantasy thrown around as something inherently bad (as if male power automatically translates into female submission). My problem with Anita's argument is that this is merely an assertion. How many men did she interview for their thoughts on something like this? As Feminist Frequency, her mission statement is to make feminist theory accessible to mainstream audiences, which she really fails at doing with assertions like this. It should not be my job to research all the literature when her entire job description is supposed to ease me into it.
I do not doubt that saving a girl is a fantasy of many men, but for this to be caused by malicious intend or for it having any considerable negative consequences is something that has to be shown rather than asserted because I simply do not buy that. I know there are men who would selflessly save people for far more noble causes. I also know that the desire to save a person you like from danger is appealing for reasons outside of a mere sense of entitlement. There's a significant difference between "If I can save this person, maybe she'll at least talk to me" and "I'll save her to reclaim my property".


World of Warcraft: Cataclysm (2010)

Yet another elephant in the room which doesn't seem to cross Anita's mind is a difference in player mindset. Some people need to identify with the player protagonist in order to enjoy the game, others don't. In MMORPG's such as World of Warcraft you often see these two sides fighting over what kind of character they play which can be horribly generalized and simplified as: "If I have to stare at someone's butt for hundreds of hours I'd prefer it to be a butt I'd enjoy staring at" versus "if you are male and play as a female character, you are probably gay". (Here's some forum threads: 1, 23, 4)

It is fully possible that Anita Sarkeesian has this desire to identify with the player protagonist and as such assumes everyone is the same. This is not the case. Personally I see my relationship to the player protagonist as a partnership, in which I want to see him or her succeed in the quest. As such I prefer games in which the protagonist is someone I'd be able to befriend rather than a character I could be.

In flat narratives, I do not care at all whether there's a damsel at the end of the game or not (in Super Mario 3D Land I somehow even blocked out that Peach was kidnapped again. I had to look it up later if she was kidnapped or not). Any sense of satisfaction comes from being good at the game and beating it, not the male character getting a kiss from the female damsel at the end. The power fantasy is therefore not gendered but a direct result of me being rewarded for my skill with visible progress in the game.
In round narratives, if I like the character who is kidnapped my quest is fuelled by a desire to see him or her in safety, which again is not gendered. Going back to Alan Wake I felt the same urgency to rescue Barry Wheeler as I did Alice Wake (in case you are wondering, Barry starts out as an incredibly annoying character who you want to see die early on but somehow he ends up being very endearing not long after. His friendship with Alan becomes incredibly heartwarming).


Clearly not a power fantasy
Tomb Raider: Anniversary (2007)

2.5 Euthanized Damsel

I talk about this for completion as I do not see any validity in Anita's claims and I find them an insulting attack on men's emotions. If she wants to link female characters dying for the sake of a (supposedly) male hero to domestic violence, she has to show actual evidence for it or be dismissed.

"What can be asserted without evidence can be dismissed without evidence."
- Christopher Hitchens (1949 - 2011)

However I will briefly discuss this topic on it simply being a plot device and it being gendered. Comparison is drawn to Gail Simone's Women in Refrigerators list. I will not pretend to speak for her but Simone's point when creating the list was: "if you demolish most of the characters girls like, then girls won't read comics. That's it!", which is a sentiment I agree with.
Gail Simone primarily lists superheroines who get killed or depowered, which means we just lost what might be our favourite character in the comic series. The problem when stretching that point to video games is that, unlike these comic book superheroines, these characters dying are rarely interesting main characters in a series. Rather than them being characters we are following on the adventure, the entire point of their characterization is to make it a tragic player punch for them to die. Or to be really out of place with the mood of the rest of the game in Duke Nukem Forever.


Duke Nukem Forever  (2011)

Anita bringing up Women in Refrigerators would make more sense if she were talking about, say, Krystal from Dinosaur Planet. That would be an instance of a character we were looking forward to be playing as who got shoved in the background in favour of Fox McCloud's story and this would be a genuine grievance. Or if a player character in a series of video games ends up biting the dust, unlikely to return in a sequel, which in Borderlands 2 ironically happens to Ronald but none of the female characters (unless you count Mordecai's bird). Just taking a female character who dies in a less than ceremonious way as a problem is ludicrous.

As for it being a gendered thing, I once again disagree. There's nothing gendered about losing someone important for the sake of story development. If there is any lack of balance it is once again due to a lack in female protagonists, not due to gender differences when dealing with death. Here's a small list of male characters dying for the sake of a female's story or character development (Spoilers):

  • BioShock 2 (Delta)
  • Castlevania: Order of Ecclesia (Albus)
  • Final Fantasy X & Final Fantasy X-2 (Tidus)
  • Left 4 Dead (Zoey's father)
  • Muramasa: The Demon Blade (Jinkuro)
  • Perfect Dark Zero (Jack Dark)
  • Resident Evil Code: Veronica (Steve Burnside)
  • Resident Evil: The Darkside Chronicles (Steve Burnside again)
  • Rogue Ops (Nikki's husband)
  • Tomb Raider: The Angel of Darkness (Werner Von Croy)
  • Tomb Raider Anniversary (Larson Conway)
  • Tomb Raider Underworld (Alister Fletcher)
  • Tomb Raider 2013 (Every white male character in the game)

Left 4 Dead Digital Comic: The Sacrifice Part 2 (2010)


3. Possible Alternatives



I do not believe a damsel in distress storyline is inherently problematic. I think the real problem lies in the substantial lack of alternatives or derivations within that particular "trope". As such providing a solution  for more variety should not simply be wagging your finger at a developer for utilizing one of his writing tools. The solution is giving developers a larger toolset from which to draw ideas from, and if all else fails, maybe do it yourself.

As I mentioned earlier, another simple solution is for the audience demanding these new kinds of plots to pay attention to what is already going on. The publishers are ultimately interested in having their investment returned. You cannot expect anything to change by ignoring the things you ask for and instead keep demanding that big-budget AAA titles change their winning formula overnight in favour of something that might bankrupt them (Which is why I created this list of games you might want to check out). Yes, the marketing for these games often leave a lot to be desired and a lot of them qualify as middle-market titles, but it's on us to show that there is indeed a market by actually spending our money. (Personally I tend to buy games I really like on multiple consoles I own.)


Along with the versions on Steam and Xbox Live,
I somehow ended up with 2 to 3 versions of
every Tomb Raider game

3.1 Treasure as Motivation

People ask: "Why do we need damsels in distress? Why can't we go after treasures/bags of gold/the Holy Grail instead?" Which on the surface seems like a very reasonable alternative, but the problem here is one of morality. Video game character seeking treasure often have the stigma of greed cast over them. They might even go as far as to be the very embodiment of greed. Let's not forget that two of the most famous video game treasure hunters are Wario and Scrooge McDuck. There might be a very obvious reason for this. After all, it is very hard to justify the butchering of hundreds of bad guys for the simple sake of monetary gain (which is Yahtzee's criticism against several Tomb Raider games). On the other hand nobody thinks twice of ending people by the dozens for the safety of just one woman (2005's remake of King Kong has the entire rescue party sacrifice themselves for the sake of just Ann Darrow, which is rather bizarre. The jerk actor who decided it was not worth it was actually being the sensible one).


Exactly
QuackShot starring Donald Duck (1991)


I do not think it is a coincidence how the 2006 to 2008 Tomb Raider reboot trilogy (Tomb Raider Legend, Tomb Raider Anniversary and Tomb Raider Underworld) tried to soften Lara Croft's violent tendencies by having her pity being forced to kill attacking wildlife, reducing the body count and ... having as the trilogy's main story the search for her mother rather than artefacts to collect. The treasure she seeks turn into mere tools she utilizes towards that goal rather than the goal itself or they become typical game collectibles to unlock extra content with. In essence, it is less moral to kill enemies for Thor's hammer than it is to kill enemies with Thor's hammer (yes, induced by a "male died for my character development"-rage, Lara Croft  in Tomb Raider Underworld actually rains vengeance upon her enemies as the god of thunder).


Save the treasure, save the world
Tomb Raider Anniversary (2007)


That's not to say treasure can't be used as character motivation, it just does not have the inherent nobility of saving the nation or saving a loved one, as such they are harder to implement, especially in flat narratives. A way to get around this is by making the setting cartoony. Donald Duck searching for treasure while firing plungers at enemies is not going to turn him into an immoral character. There's also a bit of leeway for games with minimalistic graphics because the on-screen violence is barely represented.


3.2 Damsel Saves Herself

The solution provided by Anita herself. The damsel is the protagonist in her own story and rescues herself. The problem with this solution is that it does not in fact subvert audience expectations as Sarkeesian expects. This idea is so much a cliché by itself that there exists an entire genre dedicated to it which we call Survival Horror. This genre is entirely based around characters finding themselves in a distressing situation and attempting escape, be it a zombie-infested city or a haunted house. Because this genre does actually have a large female fanbase, there are also a large amount of female protagonists such as Emily Hartwood and Aline Cedrac from the Alone in the Dark series,  Rebecca Chambers, Jill Valentine, Ada Wong & Claire Redfield from the Resident Evil franchise, Heather Mason from Silent Hill 3, Zoey & Rochelle from the Left 4 Dead series, Lauren from Slender: The Arrival or the many female protagonists of the Fatal Frame franchise.
There is a bit of a sad evolution where a couple of these franchises (especially Resident Evil and Alone in the Dark) attempted to reinvent themselves as action games and subsequently shoved the female leads somewhat to the sidelines.

Similarly, although not in a horror setting, both Portal and Portal 2 have Chell trapped in a series of testing facilities by an insane AI. Escaping from the facility is the motivation and goal of both games.


Portal 2 (2011)

Furthermore it is very common for a protagonist of any action, adventure or role-playing game to have to escape a distressing situation at some point in their adventure (If you choose to play a Western RPG as a female, chances are this is exactly how the game starts out as). This alternative would merely be a natural outgrowth of having a narrative with a female protagonist. A player character is bound to escape danger and will inevitably help other characters.

This of course is also the problem with Anita's argument on male characters escaping on their own. The difference is not between male and female, the difference is between player character and non-player character. Therefore this is not an innovative way to solve anything or grow the industry in any sort of way. The baffling thing about this though is that Anita attempts to get away with presenting a cliché as an innovative concept by dismissing all existing examples of this as "not damsels in distress". She ignores examples of her own solution so she can provide an innovative solution that already exists!


Vicsor's Damsel In Distress (2013)

As a side note, on a slow evening not long ago I tested out RPG Maker VX Ace on Steam by throwing together a dungeon scene and putting the female playable character (I defined her as a princess) in one of the cells. The joke being that you are playing as a damsel in distress who can't escape her prison. I would say that ironically this is a much bigger example of defying audience expectation than Anita's Legend of the Last Princess is.


3.3 Dudes and Boyfriends in Distress 

First thing to point out is that Sarkeesian uses the term Dude in Distress deceptively. She counts instances of male, female or gender neutral characters saving any woman as a classic damsel in distress (failing to mention the TimeSplitters 2 maidens are saved by a female jester called Viola, Golden Axe III having Sahra Burn as a playable protagonist or Kelly from Night Trap), characters merely pretending to be damsels for an ulterior motive (Talia Al Ghul in Batman: Arkham City), stretching the definition of what counts as a damsel in distress (such as Angel from Borderlands 2 not actually being one, Jo-Beth Casey from TimeSplitters: Future Perfect apparently counts as a damsel because she's merely a co-op character in a horror setting) or neglecting to mention Maria from Castlevania: Rondo of Blood becomes an entirely capable player character after you save her (which is a common occurrence in Metroidvania-style Castlevania games), but then when it comes to Dudes in Distress she only counts the specific example of a female saving her boyfriend or love interest. What exactly is the point in artificially padding examples when the statistics are already in your favour?

Not only does her analysis ignore females saving other females or male characters saving other males, there are also plenty of examples of women or girls saving brothers, fathers, bosses or other random men (over the course of Perfect Dark, Joanna Dark rescues in order a sapient AI, her boss Daniel Carrington, an alien named Elvis and her co-workers. Vela saves entire families of Tribals in Jet Force Gemini).


NyxQuest: Kindred Spirits (2009)


It is true however that the one thing grossly lacking is women saving love interests. Perhaps this is another outgrowth of publishers believing players do not want to see a heterosexual relationship play out on screen while the player controls a female avatar (infamously the case with Remember Me). Even when the male character to save is a potential love interest, the story often puts extra emphasis on their friendship or status as siblings rather than actual love. Examples are Castlevania: Order of Ecclesia and NyxQuest: Kindred Spirits. This emphasis is rarely put on male characters saving a love interest even if the relationship between the two is questionable or undefined. We don't really know the relationship status between Mario and Peach and there's the implication that Link and Zelda are not supposed to be in a relationship beyond friendship at all.


Pocahontas (1996)

One of the few examples I can think of which play this straight is Disney's Pocahontas, in which the titular character does have to save her love interest John Smith, just like in the movie. Curiously though, and reinforcing my point, the Sega Mega Drive/Genesis The Little Mermaid tie-in game featured Ariel saving her father Triton with no Prince Eric at all in sight.

So Anita misidentified a problem here. The true rarity is female protagonists saving love interests and the industry could grow in this aspect. Developing a heterosexual relationship while playing as the female character should not be a taboo. 

Having to save male characters is not rare at all and they are in fact so common they border on disposability (anyone even remember the four carpenters locked up in Gerudo Fortress? What about all the Toads Mario has saved? Metal Gear Solid's male plot-important hostages rarely even make it to the end of the game). The real oddity here is that people simply do not seem to register when a male character is depowered but they cry 'damsel' every time a woman is slightly inconvenienced. Before I personally added it, the TvTropes page of Devil May Cry 4 did not even mention Nero's status as a Distressed Dude, even though his rescue is Dante's motivation for the entire second half of the game and the switch to Dante as a player character was an integral part of the marketing campaign. 



Luis Sera, forgotten compared to Ashley Graham
Resident Evil 4 (2005)


3.4 Character Building and Narrative Twists

BioShock 2 was seemingly framed as a classic Damsel in Distress story. Delta (the player protagonist) went on a rampage through the ruins of the underwater city Rapture to find Eleanor Lamb, the Little Sister he had been bonded with. A certain urgency was constantly present because of the threat of what Sofia Lamb would do to her daughter (she wasn't exactly mother of the year). Throughout the story we get a certain degree of help from Eleanor but we remain under the impression that she is essentially helpless.

BioShock 2 (2010)


That is until we finally get to meet her and she becomes a valuable partner who could be considered the true protagonist of the game. As we wander through Rapture we learn of Eleanor's life through audiologs, locations she visited and characters who knew her earlier in her life. Not only does she become a badass in the final act, all of the moral choices you make throughout the game were for the sake of her character development, not Delta's. When you replay the game (for the sake of story anyway) you would be doing it to see the effects on her personality and what she learns from the player's actions. 
(And btw, you being able to summon Eleanor is not a message that even female warriors should be subservient to men. It is simply a convenient gameplay element to prevent the ending of the game from becoming a lengthy escort mission. Also "why couldn't we have Eleanor as the player character instead!" is easily answered with "because it would have ruined the game's story and all the touching moments that came with it for the sake of having a token". )

Of course not all gaming narratives can incorporate a story on the scale of the BioShock franchise (even if some of them would certainly like to), but the point is that developing your damsel and getting her into some of the action builds a more memorable and respectable character.

You can even build proper characterization with damsels who aren't actively trying to escape. Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess' Zelda is popularly regarded as one of the most badass versions of the titular princesses we've seen so far despite her being a lot more passive than Ocarina of Time's or Wind Waker's Zelda. She simply commands respect through her stoicism and dedication to the greater good rather than her personal safety. It also helps that she's the most involved Zelda ever to face Ganondorf in the final battle.


Devil May Cry 3 (2005)

Or just go the way of Devil May Cry 3 and present a character who by all accounts is expected to end up being a damsel but instead is fulfilling her own story arc parallel to the hero's quest, thus actually defying audience expectations (although seriously, why did they make Vergil playable instead of Lady when her story would have fit the narrative and level progression so much better?)


3.5 Saving Means Playability

Jet Force Gemini  has three playable protagonists: Juno, Vela and Lupus. A boy, a girl and a dog respectively. At the start of the game the team has been separated and you look for the others while playing as Juno. In the second level you catch up with Vela who has been captured in an ambush, rendering her as a damsel in distress (and thus becoming relevant to this discussion). Your goal for that level is to rescue her.
After you rescue her, Vela becomes a player character. No, not a player character after the game has already been finished, but a player character with her own set of levels to complement the others. You need to play as all three characters and utilize their respective abilities to finish the game (you get a bit of freedom who you want to play as after the first arc in the story has been completed).


Jet Force Gemini (1998)

That's an interesting mix-up, isn't it? Instead of just picking your character at the beginning of the game, you get a set of characters with their own unique contribution to the story.

A similar thing happens in Star Wars: Starfighter (2001), which tells the story of Star Wars Episode 1: The Phantom Menace from the perspective of a Naboo pilot and his allies (making it the exact same premise as the wildly different Star Wars: Battle for Naboo (2000)). The female mercenary and player character Vana Sage gets briefly locked up by the pirate and next player character Nym to stop her from causing him any troubles. A bit later all of the characters come together with the Trade Federation as a common enemy.

There's a glimpse of this in Resident Evil 4 (2005) but Ashley is only playable for a brief section and not very useful overall. It is a recurring way of recruiting characters in various Japanese RPG's though.

This is an interesting alternative because it lengthens the plot with a quest to save a damsel who still ends up as a badass character while it also explains why this badass female hasn't solved all of the game's problems by herself yet by the time we catch up with her. A problem might be that we are forced to play as a character we don't like.


4. Conclusions


What we need right now is more people who step up to create more games with female characters and for us to spend some time and energy searching for the games that do give us what we want. If people make the games we supposedly want to see but we aren't there to support them, nothing of value is achieved.
This has to go beyond these token gestures of "oh look what people created to celebrate me" Sarkeesian has recently been indulging herself into, whether actually because of her or not. The past is filled with great examples that are swept under the rug in order to craft a nonsensical narrative of oppression which in turn is used to guilt-trip people into compliance with an ideology, which to me is disgusting and will only cause confusion on the part of developers. Forcing developers to create games that aren't commercially viable is not a solution. 

Also by focusing so much time and energy on the negative examples you are bleeding free advertisement exclusively to the things you dislike.

(Yes, to a degree that applies to me as well, but on the other hand you likely wouldn't be reading this unless it mentioned Anita Sarkeesian) 


Robot in Distress?
Syberia (2002)
Last Updated: 20/10/2013

Monday 9 September 2013

Tinker Bell: Rendering Magic Obsolete

My general opinion (and recommendation) on the Disney Fairies movies is very simple: If you go into them with an understanding that they are primarily aimed at children, you might find a lot to like about them. They aren't on the level of celebrated Disney animated features, but they are enjoyable in their own right. Essentially if you enjoy My Little Pony: Friendship is Magic, you might want to at least check this one out as well.

What I'll go into here are some basic thoughts on the series and how it redefines Tinker Bell from just a fairy who mends pots and kettles into an all-out fairy McGuyver (which includes some of your regularly scheduled criticism of social justice outrage). Also a large part of this is just me showing off a franchise I love more than I should.


Rendering Magic Obsolete
Disney Fairies Movies


The jealous and sadistic fairy we were presented with in the original Peter Pan (1953) is mostly gone in this continuity. Befitting her new status as protagonist and her new target audience she has become a much more soft, friendly yet complex personality with an obsession for fixing stuff. And it actually works.

The very first scenes of the first movie set the tone quite beautifully. The newly-born Tinker Bell discovers her talent when a hammer flies towards her and she holds it in front of her in a pose that is not dissimilar from heroic scenes such as Link pulling the Master Sword out of its pedestal in various Legend of Zelda games. We are still a while away until we see her talent shine but the reverence for her skills is already there (even if she herself doesn't see it yet) and it is particularly noticeable because here we have a female character holding a typically male working class item and finding power in it.




Setting and Tinker Bell's Place



The Pixie Hollow setting for the series is essentially a giant workplace (relative to their size, they are fairies after all). Every movie so far has had a season assigned to it and we see the fairies tirelessly working to keep the seasons operating as they should be.

For reference, here's the list:

Tinker Bell - Spring
The Lost Treasure - Autumn / Fall
The Great Fairy Rescue - Summer
Secret of the Wings - Winter

So while there are plenty of moments where the characters are just goofing off or where the adventure takes place far from their workstations, the backdrop is always a sort of corporate environment with a certain work ethic involved. It is not an endless amount of tea parties and cookies (although Great Fairy Rescue plays around with that stereotype with the fairy character almost maternally indulging a child) or knights rescuing the princess. The individual fairies all have responsibilities regarding their jobs and some of the conflict actually revolves around professional responsibilities not being met.



As far as magic talents go, Tinker Bell got the raw deal. She cannot hold light like Iridessa can. Unlike Silvermist, water acts realistically and seeps through her hands. Nevertheless she gets to shine because her curiosity, bravery, creativity and resourcefulness allow her to come up with practical solutions for the problems presented. Compared to the other fairy talents this makes her a realistic character in a fantastical setting. She thinks she's mundane, not glamorous, but she discovers that her talents make her valuable in areas the other fairies can't be and learns she's as valuable a cog in the machine as the others are.
Thus in essence, the Disney Fairies franchise conjures up a world in which creativity, innovation and resourcefulness are greatly valued against magical wonders (One could say things only start going right for Tink the minute she gets her head out of the clouds and starts embracing practicality). The setting itself is one that seems stereotypical for a franchise aimed at girls, but the approach in filling up that setting is far better handled than you would think.



The Pirate Fairy


With the recent announcement that Tom Hiddleston would be voicing a young Captain Hook in Tinker Bell and the Pirate Fairy (technically he plays "James", but his future as Captain Hook was right there in the announcement so unless they pull a Mandarin on us it'll be the worst kept spoiler in recent history) there will likely be an increase of popularity for this series of movies. That is once the haters get over the outrage of Disney daring to cast a mainstream actor in a movie they preemptively decided to hate.

It's not like this is the first non-voice actor celebrity attached to the franchise. Lucy Lui has voiced Silvermist since the first movie. Anjelica Huston voices Queen Clarion in a recurring role. Michael Sheen was cast as Lizzie's father. Lord Milori from Secret of the Wings was actually played by former James Bond actor Timothy Dalton.

Secret of the Wings (2012)
Lord Milori, voiced by Timothy Dalton

Needless to say, I'm looking forward to it. I'm just wondering why they spliced footage from The Lost Treasure into this new trailer.

The Social Justice Side


Now a common complaint from social justice types is that entertainment and toys for little girls never focus on the same areas of interests that toys for boys focus on (after which there'll likely be a long rant on how masculine traits are valued more by society then feminine are). Disney Princesses (or princesses in general) are bad because they aren't teaching girls to be engineers! So, like with all the other complaints I've gone over in the past, it becomes frustrating because I don't think you'd have much trouble sneaking in some Disney Fairies with your little girl's Disney Princess diet. So once again there's the issue of the ranters providing free advertisement for the "bad stuff" while leaving the examples which are positive by their metric out to dry.  


A series in which fairies are responsible for the workings of the seasons does sadly result in some unfortunate implications that science is wrong (which reaches its zenith in the The Great Fairy Rescue, where the antagonist is a stuffy scientist and everything scientists know about the workings of the seasons is presented as a fairy conspiracy. No kidding), but I think that's an attitude that more easily grows out of children while the curiosity aspect and creativity is retained (and which might inevitably tie back in with an interest in science anyway). The writers likely chose to portray science in this aspect to tie in with a general dislike of science kids of a young age have rather than actively being antagonistic towards it. In fact most of the conflict in Great Fairy Rescue comes from this particular scientist being too stuck in his principles rather than his entire career being a pointless waste of time (although again, fairies are responsible for the seasons).

Damsels Again



Since we've been talking about Damsels in Distress so much over the last few months, let's take a quick look at that for a moment. In Great Fairy Rescue, both Tinker Bell and Vidia are captured at some point in the story (hence the Great Fairy Rescue). Aside from Clank and Bobble, the entire rescue party consists of female characters getting to utilize their respective skills. On top of that, the entire time the respective characters are trapped they try their absolute best to escape by themselves. No helpless princesses in towers here.


Anyway, let's take a look at the stuff Tinker Bell builds or fixes over the course of the main movies. I'll leave out some of the smaller examples because I'd be describing the majority of every movie. 



Tinker Bell (2008)

"I make forces of nature, you make pots and kettles.
I work up in the sky and you work down in a ditch."

The first movie features the birth of Tinker Bell and her arrival in Pixie Hollow. When she learns she is a 'mere' tinker fairy she is disappointed because all the other fairies have magical talents that let them control nature itself. At first she attempts to change her skillset by emulating her friends and failing at it. Yet even during her attempts to become something else than a tinker fairy, Tinker Bell is shown to progressively rely less on magic she can't do and instead starts to subconsciously embrace technological solutions.

Fixing the Music Box

After a series of failed attempts to learn the magic required for nature skills, Tink stumbles upon a broken music box and instinctively tries to repair it. It comes so naturally to her she's not even aware she's enjoying herself doing the thing she claims she doesn't want to do.

(YouTube) Tinker Bell Feature: Music Box


Automating the Spring Preparation Process

The last act of the movie is actually not that dissimilar from Pixar's A Bug's Life (1998), in that both feature would-be inventors try to help their people with a series of inventions which aren't accepted until a crisis occurs, which might not be all that much of a coincidence as A Bug's Life director and writer John Lasseter had a degree of input in the production of DisneyToon movies (Which is also why we no longer have Disney sequels and why an earlier cut of Tinker Bell was scrapped entirely for being "virtually unwatchable"). In it, preparations for spring are impossible to be completed in time. Tinker Bell decides to finally embrace her skills and manages to convince the other fairies that together they can automate the various processes required for the spring preparations and in doing so they manage to complete them in record time, thus saving spring.  



It also becomes a trend in the following movies for there to be casual dialogue about Tink's inventions that made the jobs of other fairies easier and her checking up if anything needs fixing.



The Lost Treasure (2009)


Tinker Bell has been given the responsibility to make a scepter to raise the moonstone for the Autumn Revelry, but after a fight with her best friend she accidentally destroys a unique artifact. Discovering the existence of a lost pirate treasure that could replace it, she decides to travel to a faraway island in secret.

The Pixie Express

Her speedboat has no real relevance to the plot. It serves more the purpose to show how Tinker Bell has become comfortable in her job as Pixie Hollow's resident engineer and innovator.



The Balloon Carrier

Having a long journey ahead of her but not having access to enough pixie dust to fly the distance herself, she accidentally discovers a way to ration her remaining pixie dust by making a balloon out of cotton puffs. Also she changes into her adventuring outfit for the occasion.




The Great Fairy Rescue (2010)


During their stay on the mainland for summer, Vidia tries to teach Tinker Bell a lesson about messing with human stuff and accidentally gets her captured by a human girl named Lizzy. While the other fairies set out to free her in stormy weather in which they can't fly, Tink and Lizzie form an odd friendship. Tink actually becomes a rather maternal figure in this one.

Indoor Plumbing

Being occupied placing pots and kettles under leaks from the roof, Lizzie's father has no time to spend with her. At night Tinker Bell finds the sources of the leaks and fixes them by installing a plumbing system with leftover materials.



Going Gremlin on a Car

Early on in Great Fairy Rescue, Tink's curiosity drives her to attempt to figure out how the human "horseless carriage" works (much to Vidia's dismay). 

"This, my dear, is exactly why tinkers shouldn't come to the mainland!"


The understanding she gains from examining the car becomes vital in the final scene where the fairy team struggles to keep up with the moving car. Tinker Bell moves ahead in order to shut it down. 




Secret of the Wings (2012)


Curiosity once again gets the best of Tinker Bell when she witnesses animals crossing over into the Winter Woods. Briefly crossing over the border herself, her wings start to sparkle. While researching what the sparkling means, she discovers her lost sister Periwinkle living in the Winter Woods.

The Snowmaker 


"I made it warmer over here. Maybe I could make it colder over there!"

Due to frost fairy wings being vulnerable to warmth and warm fairy wings being vulnerable to cold, there's a law in place that prevents the respective fairies from crossing over the border. In order to be together, Tink dreams up a machine that allows Periwinkle to visit the warm seasons. 



So yeah, this concludes my small list on a series of movies that does contain a lot of things social justice types would like to see but for some reason ignore. 

Links & References

"She is quite a common fairy," Peter explained apologetically, "she is called Tinker Bell because she mends the pots and kettles." - Peter and Wendy Chapter 3 (1911) by J. M. Barrie

Images from:
- Tinker Bell (2008)
- Tinker Bell and the Lost Treasure (2009)
- Tinker Bell and the Great Fairy Rescue (2010)
- Secret of the Wings (2012)


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